As Jesus conducted his public ministry, he drew considerable crowds. Within the throngs were, of course, the peasants of the neighborhood, along with longer-term disciples. There were many who wished to see miracles, many who wished to hear his sayings of peace, love, hope and promise. There were those who wanted reinforcement of the Law and those who wished to see some of the Law abandoned. Within all these groups were many who were troubled by personal doubt.
Jesus spoke with these people, engaging them, answering their questions, asking them questions, all the while proclaiming the authority and the efficacy of the Law. He said, "Do not imagine that I have come to abolish the Law or the Prophets. I have come not to abolish - but to complete them." He then goes on – he's trying to make sure his listeners understand: "In truth I tell you, till heaven and earth disappear, not one dot, not one little stroke, is to disappear from the Law until all its purpose is achieved." (Matthew 5:17-18 - NJB)
Jesus and the Rich Young Ruler
Some of Jesus' most engaging images come from these conversations. Rich and poor, titled and powerless, legalists and apostates, disciples and strangers all had encounters with Jesus that fleshed out for them his view of the Law. However, our lack of knowledge regarding the economic, political and cultural environment in which Jesus lived and preached sometimes hampers our understanding of his message.
One of the more famous of these encounters was with the rich young man. This story is found, in almost identical versions, at Matthew 19:16-22, Mark 10:17-22 and Luke 18:18-23. He approached Jesus and asked what was necessary to be saved. "Good Master, what must I do to inherit eternal life?" Jesus replied that the young man should keep the commandments. "I have kept all these," stated the rich young man, "What more do I need to do?" Jesus said to him, "If you wish to be perfect, go and sell your possessions and give the money to the poor … then come, follow me." This was too much for the young man. Scripture says that he "went away sad, for he was a man of great wealth."
This story seems too hard for most of us. What is fundamentally wrong with being rich? Preachers try to make sense of this passage by assuming that the rich young man was too materialistic, and that the story is a warning to us about that failing. That much may be true, however, that interpretation is about the young man's reaction, not about Jesus' words. Jesus instructed him to sell everything he had and give it to the poor. Why?
Let us look at the story in light of the Law and the conditions of first century Palestine. The man called Jesus "Master," and was familiar with the commandments, even exhibiting some bit of pride that he kept them. It is logical to assume that he was a rich young Jewish man. This also meant that he knew the Law, at least as far as the ordinary Jewish man knew it. So, as a boy, the rich young man had probably gone to school under religious teachers, as Jesus had, with the Law and the Prophets as his texts. Being a person who was proud of his observance of the commandments, he attended synagogue or Temple services, so his early education in the Law was continuously being reinforced as an adult.
He was also rich. Now being a rich Jew in first century Palestine was an anomaly. The Jews had been reduced to poverty by the rack-rents of their landlords. Many had been forced to sell themselves or their children into debt bondage or slavery. Their condition resulting from the laws imposed upon them by the Herods and the Romans had quickly changed their status from that of yeoman farmers to right-less serfs.
Over the previous 60 years, bloody succession fights had transferred rule over the land from the family of Jewish Hasmoneans to the Roman-sponsored Herod Antipater, a non-Jewish Idumean. His son, Herod the Great, succeeded him. Presented with this rich and abundant land, Herod could not seem to keep himself from plundering it. To him it was like conquered territory, not worthy of his care; worthy only as a source of his enrichment and a demonstration of his power. He did not dally.
That he succeeded is known through a number of sources. Josephus relates that during a succession struggle after Herod the Great's death in about 4 BC., ambassadors from each of his sons' camps tried to make their case for successor kingship to Rome, in the person of the emperor, Caesar Augustus. One son's ambassadors recounted what Herod had done during his reign.
… they declared that he [Herod] was indeed in name a king, but that he had taken to himself that uncontrollable authority which tyrants exercise over their subjects, and had made use of that authority for the destruction of the Jews … there were a great many who perished … they that survived were far more miserable … not only from the anxiety they were in … but from the danger their estates were in of being taken away by him.
Josephus, The Antiquities of the Jews, 17.11.2
The passage continues saying that Herod lavished attention and adornments on cities within his kingdom that were occupied by foreigners, but Jewish cities, with the exception of Jerusalem, "were ruined and utterly destroyed." The indictment continues stating that "whereas, when he took the kingdom, it was in an extraordinary flourishing condition, he had filled the nation with the utmost degree of poverty." Harkening back to the longer passage above, concerning "estates," Josephus writes that, using trumped-up charges, Herod would confiscate the "estates" of original possessor families or of previous, formerly favored recipients of confiscated lands. So some of these lands were "owned" contrary to the principles of the Mosaic Law already. Now things would get even worse. The "dispossessed," if they had means, were in deep trouble. Some Herod had killed; the rest were made to give him or his cronies a constant stream of "gifts," which finally brought them to ruin. The lands were given over by Herod to remaining elite Jews and foreigners who would comply with his corrupt practices. Violent extortion became rampant. Peasant revolts formed overnight; they were put down mercilessly. In a very short time, the people were reduced to deep poverty and even slavery, this from being so individually prosperous just a few short years before. In The Wars of the Jews 2.6.2, Josephus writes that "… the Jews had borne more calamities from Herod, in a few years, than had their forefathers … since they had come out of Babylon."
The land they had legally possessed under God's Law was now in the hands of a distant privileged few. Because the Mosaic land tenure system was primarily based on God's statement, "the land is mine," (Lv 25:23), the individual Jewish possessor families had paid rent to God in the form of the tithe; now they were forced to pay rent to the new landlords. Regardless, the priests and the Pharisees demanded that the standard tithes be continued as well – but now on their wages, for they no longer had land. Furthermore, there were now taxes to pay, the equivalents of today's sales and excise taxes, as well as tolls, fees and whatever arbitrary taxes the tax collectors came up with. At the Temple, freewill offerings were no longer freewill, they had become mandatory. Money offerings could only be made in Temple shekels, which, not being in general circulation, had to be purchased at scandalous exchange rates. Each different faction of the power elite demanded, and got, their pound of flesh. The average citizen was driven down by this oppressive regime. The economic Law of Moses, which had protected the people from such abuses for so long, had been crushed.
Yet this Jewish man who approached Jesus was rich. How had he escaped his brothers' fate?
Although most of the new system had been imposed from the outside, there were a few Jews who participated in it from the top. There were Jewish landlords, Jewish tax farmers (Matthew, the apostle and Gospel writer, for one), and the Jewish family of Hannan, who, according to the Talmud, had the sacrificial pigeon and money exchange monopoly at the Temple. There were Jewish governmental officials who worked under both the Herods and the Romans. Jews were certainly part of Herod's court and the Roman Procurator had Jewish advisors. Contrary to the ancient Exodus principle of equal rights, these Jews had been granted privilege. It follows that our rich young man, being rich, was probably a landlord, a tax farmer, a government official, or some other person of governmental privilege. The non-Jewish world had operated with grants of privilege for millennia. It was the only way within the world's system that one could become and stay rich. However, privilege was alien to the Law of Moses. Under the Law, there were almost no rich and no poor. Since the exile, the Jews had understood this.
A Jew who accepted privilege was therefore knowingly complicit in the upending of the Law. If a Jew was a landlord during this time, he knew that he was part of the problem, and he could see the effects of the imposed system on his fellow Jews. This is not to say that these individual Jews might not also have done some good. They might have given to the poor or tried to advise against punitive new regulations and laws. Nevertheless, they knew that their gains from the system were illegal under Jewish or Mosaic Law.
This man, after telling Jesus that he has kept the Commandments, asks, "What more do I need to do?" He may have been looking for a way out of his privilege dilemma. He seems to be pressing. Perhaps he is feeling guilty. He may not think that Jesus will give him a pass, but that there might be some way, through charity or some other means, to right himself with the Law.
Jesus, for his part, seeing the man pressing for an answer beyond the Commandments, probably perceives that here is someone who might be ready to renounce the privilege system at the root of the people's plight. He replies, "If you wish to be perfect, go and sell your possessions and give the money to the poor …" After all, his possessions are, under God's Law, the fruits of his participation in the kleptocracy of the Herodian/Roman system. The rich young man, and others like him, was living off stolen goods. Those goods should be returned to their rightful owners. Selling them and giving the proceeds to the poor marks a good faith effort to do just that. When Jesus asks him to get right with the Law, the rich young man understands the context of the request, as do those who witness the exchange. Jesus knows that he has made a difficult request. The Scripture says that he "looked steadily at him and he was filled with love for him." So he offers two enticements. First, he tries to make it easier on the man by promising a substitution: you will have treasure in heaven. He then offers membership in the messianic company: come, follow me.
The rich young man was in turmoil. He well understood how only compliance with the Law would cause Jesus to let him off the hook. He could feel the love Jesus felt for him, yet he couldn't bring himself to give up the security of his riches. This Galilean prophet would not compromise his views on the Law. The rich young man made his decision. He sadly walked away.
There was probably silence as he left. The encounter was quite dramatic. This prophet, who seemed to approach everyone with love, gave the rich young man very little wiggle room. The Law, including the economic Law, seemed very important to this teacher.
Matthew and Luke agree with Mark, quoted below, about what happened next:
Jesus looked round and said to his disciples, "How hard it is for those who have riches to enter the kingdom of God!" The disciples were astounded by these words but Jesus insisted, "My children, how hard it is to enter the kingdom of God. It is easier for a camel to pass through the eye of a needle than for someone rich to enter the kingdom of God."
Mark 10:23-25
In first century Palestine, the rich, of whom Jesus was speaking, were the privileged. Again, in the Baal-inspired world, only through privilege could a person become rich. And the privileged, particularly the Jewish privileged, knew that their government-granted advantages were paid for by taking from the ordinary populace some of its economic freedom. Jesus said that this recognition made it virtually impossible for the Law-knowing privileged to merit an eternal reward with God. Indeed, he went on to say that it would be difficult for anyone to merit it, presumably because everyone broke the Law – all were (and are) sinners. Then, to drive the point home, he returned to the rich, whom he set apart as particularly grievous lawbreakers. He said it was almost impossible for them to favor reestablishing the kingdom. The familiar eye of a needle comparison left little room. Once Jesus had made his point, he added that God could still ignore the cold demands of justice and, using mercy, save the rich as well as the poor. He sums up the lesson in verse 27: "By human resources it is impossible, but not for God: because for God everything is possible."
Moses
The world ran on the privilege system, the law of Baal. It seemed inescapable, yet Jesus would not make accommodation with it. Better to renounce all of its trappings than to compromise with it. Yet he did say that there was hope – individually, in God's mercy, and as a people, in God's Law. God's Law eliminated privilege. God's Law provided for everyone. It had in the past and it would again – if only his people would reintroduce it.
So the rich of Jesus' time were very different from the rich of today's western economies. Today's rich, by and large, have earned their riches, or are the progeny of those who have. There is no injustice in such accumulations.
Mr. Kelly is a Financial Advisor for a major financial services company. He resides in Peoria, Illinois. This article is excerpted from his forthcoming book, The Other Law of Moses.
